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I don't know whether you have already checked out http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Langford/index.aspx?fixed_columns=on
From the data shown there, it would appear that the Eli Langford born about 1750 in Virginia has different Y DNA than descendants of Euclid Langford. Consensus is that Euclid was a son of Nicholas Langford "Jr." (who might actually be Nicholas III or even Nicholas IV) of Caroline County, Va. This last Nicholas evidently lived circa 1720-1795. Thus, I think that the Nicholas who left that will in Henry County must be someone else. The Nicholas who is believed to have been Euclid's father -- because he stood security for him -- was still Caroline County well after 1779, including on several tax lists in the 1780's.
Of course, there could very well have been two different Eli Langfords in Virginia, or coming out of Virginia, in roughly the same time frame.
Also, the DNA project shows a Henry Langford in South Carolina as having somewhat different DNA than all other Langfords tested thus far. I don't know whether this is the same person as the Henry Langford you describe or not.
I think that the evidence is pretty good that the Nicholas Langford who was in Caroline County, Va. in the first half of the 18th century is the same person as the boy baptized in 1678 in Abingdon Parish, Gloucester County, son of Nicholas and Katherine Langford, albeit spelled "Lenford" in the parish record. Note that this boy would have only twelve years old at the time of the 1690 deed you mention, so unquestionably the deed was the work of the father Nicholas Lankford/Lanford/Lenford, the one who must have been born no later than 1660, and more likely (in my view) around 1650 if not before that date.
To my knowledge, the identification of Katherine Guiney (or Guinea?) as the wife of Nicholas Langford related to the older Nicholas, not the boy christened in 1678.
While I'm on the subject of the land, I am not sure that I understand why you characterize it as "Katherine's dowry land." Could you explain?
The deed of November 3, 1690 by which Nicholas Langford of Abingdon Parish gave power of attorney to Leonard Chamberlain to acknowledge Nicholas's deed for the 350 acres sold to Thomas Watkins does not refer to it as Katherine's dowry. Sure, she released her right of "dower," but that was a legal right that a married woman held automatically in all real property owned by her husband during their marriage. It should not be confused with a "dowry." Further, the chain of title for the subject land is set forth in a deed in Essex County (created out of Old Rappahannock County around 1692) whereby Thomas Watkins conveyed the Langford tract to his son. In that later deed, Watkins specified that the land had been bought from Stephen Bembridge (=? Bainbridge?) by Nicholas Langford and Joseph Moore.
I am indebted to Robert Davidson of Richmond for the above information about Nicholas's land.
As to Thomas Langford of New Kent County, I am not at all convinced that he was the father of the Nicholas Langford / Lenford who had the four children chr. in Abingdon Parish. Assuming that Nicholas Langford I (as we might call him, unless he was actually the son of the Nicholas "Lingford" who was in Virginia by 1642) was born around 1650 or earlier, then his father almost must have been born before 1630.
I appreciate that you mention the Thomas Lankford who died before Samuel Jordan did (in 1719), and certain someone born in 1630 could have survived until around 1715 - 1719. However, the Thomas Langford mentioned in that will had a son who was still a minor at the time, meaning that he was born no later than 1699. If the father were the same man as the father of Nicholas Langford I, you're talking about a man who fathered children over a span of about 50 years. Possibly, but not likely. Consequently, I think that it's more likely that the minor, Thomas Lankford Jr., was the son of a younger man; not some Thomas Lankford born around 1630.
I have provided probably more questions than answers, but I hope that you nevertheless find the above to be helpful.
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