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Hi Gary,
First, there has been extensive discussion in the past on this forum about the issues that you raise. Also, if you go to the website:
http://bellsouthpwp.net/t/e/teague_l/Virginia/VAHome.htm
you will find my notes on the Virginia and Maryland Duke families. These notes are not meant to be comprehensive, but are intended to address specific errors and omissions in existing reconstructions of Duke family history in VA and adjacent areas, including the publications of Evelyn Duke Brandenberger. A search of the older messages on this forum will also produce much useful information in response to your questions. Some short answers:
Capt. Henry Duke and Col. Henry Duke were surely not the same person. I don't think conflating them has ever been a common error, although I'm sure it has happened. Also, Lydia Hansford has long been properly identified as the wife of yet another individual named Henry Duke: Henry Duke of York County, VA. Unfortunately, once an error gets into the internet and published records, it seldom goes away completely.
On William Duke of Brunswick Co VA and Capt. Henry Duke: There is no paper trail linking the two because Capt. Henry was not the father of William Duke of BC, VA. The available primary documentation never would have have led one to reasonably suppose that he was, since there is no document or series of documents connecting Capt. Henry or his proven sons with William Duke of BC, VA, while there is primary documentation to the contrary, linking William with the Isle of Wight VA Duke family. DNA has resolved the issue to my complete satisfaction -- they are different families entirely.
Finally, as to proof of parentage of Capt. Henry Duke or Col. Henry Duke, there is none as far as I know. Many of us think it is very likely that Capt. Henry was a son of Col. Henry, but that is not conclusively proven. No one has proven Col. Henry Duke's parentage. No DNA results from a documented English line match relevant American lines.
I'll add that it is a tribute to the great amount of material uncovered and presented by Evelyn Duke Brandenberger than we are so often compelled to address her theories. However, she frequently got rather far ahead of her data.
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